An ideal n-bit single-ended ADC converts a voltage linearly between GND and
VREF in 2n steps (LSBs). The lowest code is read as 0, and the highest code is
read as 2n-1. Several parameters describe the deviation from the ideal
behavior:
- Offset Error
- The deviation of the first transition (0x000 to 0x001) compared to
the ideal transition (at 0.5 LSB). Ideal value: 0 LSB. Figure 1. Offset Error
- Gain Error
- After adjusting for offset, the gain error is found as the deviation
of the last transition (0x3FE to 0x3FF) compared to the ideal transition (at 1.5
LSB below maximum). Ideal value: 0 LSB.Figure 2. Gain Error
- Integral Non-Linearity (INL)
- After adjusting for offset and gain error, the INL is the maximum
deviation of an actual transition compared to an ideal transition for any code.
Ideal value: 0 LSB.Figure 3. Integral Non-Linearity
- Differential Non-Linearity (DNL)
- The maximum deviation of the actual code width (the interval between
two adjacent transitions) from the ideal code width (1 LSB). Ideal value: 0
LSB.Figure 4. Differential Non-Linearity
- Quantization Error
- Due to the quantization of the input voltage into a finite number of codes, a range of input voltages (1 LSB wide) will code to the same value. Always ±0.5 LSB.
- Absolute Accuracy
- The maximum deviation of an actual (unadjusted) transition compared to an ideal transition for any code. This is the compound effect of all aforementioned errors. Ideal value: ±0.5 LSB.